She faced immediate threats from both Spain and France. When she became Queen in 1558, the country was weakened from war, the treasury was empty and religious strife was tearing the country apart. Queen Mary had attempted during her reign to return England to the Catholic faith, thereby dividing the country into Catholic and Protestant factions, each resolute in its convictions that its respective causes were right and just.Įlizabeth I (1533-1603), daughter of King Henry VIII, assumed the throne at the very beginning of the European Renaissance. After her death, she was succeeded by Elizabeth I (1558-1603). Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary) reigned as Queen of England from 1516-1558. Spain stood for the old Roman Catholic Church and England for the Protestantism. In 1588, before the naval battle that destroyed the Invincible Spanish Armada, Spain and England not only had clashes over overseas trade but also had irreconcilable ideological battle. Fleet battle has now become even more rare than in the preceding four centuries. Such battles have been rare, and by one calculation in all not more than 135 have occurred between 1587-1945, and rarely more than three or four in each of the thirty major wars over this period. A long history of naval engagements supports this statement - Ramses II defeat of the Sea People, the Battle of Lepanto, destruction of the Spanish Armada, the Battle of Midway, among others - all of which are turning points in history. Naval victories and defeats have been pivotal to the fate of nations. Battle, in the form of fleet actions, is the crowning act of naval warfare and the supreme test of the naval profession. Fleet battle is aimed, through the defeat and even destruction of the enemy's main force at sea, at gaining command of that sea.
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